深水鉆井是勘探開發的龍頭．而深水石油機械防噴器組是保證鉆井作業安全最關鍵的設備。深水鉆井過程中石油機械防噴器安裝在高壓井口頭上．當井內油、氣，水的壓力超過鉆井液形成的液柱壓力時，可將井口封閉以防止井噴。從鉆桿內壓入重泥漿時．可替換出受氣侵的泥漿，增加井內液柱壓力，以壓住高壓油氣。深水石油機械防噴器組及控制系統集機械、電子、液壓等多項技術于一體，技術含量高，產品附加值高。目前深水石油機械防噴器組及其控制系統的生產制造技術主要被少數外國公司所壟斷。

同時，石(shi)油機械防噴(pen)器(qi)的操作不當或者失效將(jiang)導致(zhi)嚴重井噴(pen)事故(gu)，201 0年4月(yue)，英國(guo)BP公司租用的深水(shui)地平線號(hao)鉆井平臺(tai)在墨(mo)西哥灣Macondo區(qu)塊作業時發生井噴(pen)失控事故(gu)的主(zhu)要原因是由于在石(shi)油機械防噴(pen)器(qi)閘(zha)板(ban)間存在一段鉆桿，導致(zhi)剪切閘(zha)板(ban)(BSR)未能完(wan)全關閉和密封。

近幾年，國內(nei)開展了不少關于深水(shui)(shui)石(shi)(shi)(shi)油機(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)防(fang)噴(pen)(pen)(pen)器方面(mian)的(de)研(yan)究。截止目前，并未發現有文(wen)獻(xian)對(dui)石(shi)(shi)(shi)油機(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)防(fang)噴(pen)(pen)(pen)器組配置(zhi)的(de)關鍵(jian)因素(su)(su)進行(xing)比鞍詳細(xi)分(fen)析(xi)。本文(wen)在(zai)介紹(shao)石(shi)(shi)(shi)油機(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)防(fang)噴(pen)(pen)(pen)器組基本配置(zhi)方法(fa)的(de)基礎上，開展石(shi)(shi)(shi)油機(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)防(fang)噴(pen)(pen)(pen)器配置(zhi)關鍵(jian)因素(su)(su)分(fen)析(xi)．重點研(yan)究閘板(ban)數量與類(lei)型、石(shi)(shi)(shi)油機(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)防(fang)噴(pen)(pen)(pen)器感度、壓(ya)力等(deng)(deng)級、節流(liu)壓(ya)井(jing)管線．蓄(xu)能(neng)器能(neng)力以及輔助控制系統等(deng)(deng)的(de)影(ying)響分(fen)析(xi)。相關參(can)數與結論可為我(wo)國深水(shui)(shui)石(shi)(shi)(shi)油機(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)防(fang)噴(pen)(pen)(pen)器組的(de)設計與應用提供參(can)考。

深(shen)水石油機械防噴(pen)器組將(jiang)全封和(he)(he)半封兩種(zhong)功能合為(wei)一體，具有結構(gou)簡單(dan)，易操作，耐壓(ya)高等特(te)點，其作用是(shi)在發生井噴(pen)或者井涌(yong)時控制井口(kou)壓(ya)力，在臺(tai)風等緊急情況下懸掛鉆柱、關閉井口(kou)，保證人員、設備安全，避免海洋環(huan)境污染(ran)和(he)(he)油氣資(zi)源破壞。

深(shen)水(shui)(shui)(shui)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)油(you)(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)防(fang)噴(pen)(pen)(pen)(pen)器(qi)按功(gong)能分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)為(wei)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)板(ban)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)油(you)(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)防(fang)噴(pen)(pen)(pen)(pen)器(qi)。萬能（環(huan)(huan)(huan)形(xing)）石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)油(you)(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)防(fang)噴(pen)(pen)(pen)(pen)器(qi)和(he)旋(xuan)轉石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)油(you)(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)防(fang)噴(pen)(pen)(pen)(pen)器(qi)。閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)板(ban)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)油(you)(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)防(fang)噴(pen)(pen)(pen)(pen)器(qi)包括閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)板(ban)全封(feng)式(shi)和(he)半封(feng)式(shi)，全封(feng)式(shi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)油(you)(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)防(fang)噴(pen)(pen)(pen)(pen)器(qi)可(ke)以封(feng)住(zhu)整個井口，半封(feng)式(shi)封(feng)住(zhu)有(you)(you)鉆(zhan)桿(gan)存在時的(de)井口環(huan)(huan)(huan)形(xing)斷(duan)面(mian)(mian)；萬能石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)油(you)(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)防(fang)噴(pen)(pen)(pen)(pen)器(qi)可(ke)在緊急(ji)情況下(xia)啟動(dong)，可(ke)處理任(ren)何尺寸的(de)鉆(zhan)具和(he)空井；旋(xuan)轉石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)油(you)(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)防(fang)噴(pen)(pen)(pen)(pen)器(qi)可(ke)實現邊噴(pen)(pen)(pen)(pen)邊鉆(zhan)作業。環(huan)(huan)(huan)形(xing)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)油(you)(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)防(fang)噴(pen)(pen)(pen)(pen)器(qi)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)為(wei)單(dan)環(huan)(huan)(huan)形(xing)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)油(you)(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)防(fang)噴(pen)(pen)(pen)(pen)器(qi)和(he)雙環(huan)(huan)(huan)形(xing)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)油(you)(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)防(fang)噴(pen)(pen)(pen)(pen)器(qi)．其中分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)別裝(zhuang)有(you)(you)一(yi)個環(huan)(huan)(huan)形(xing)膠芯(xin)和(he)兩個環(huan)(huan)(huan)形(xing)膠芯(xin)。閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)板(ban)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)油(you)(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)防(fang)噴(pen)(pen)(pen)(pen)器(qi)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)為(wei)單(dan)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)板(ban)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)油(you)(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)防(fang)噴(pen)(pen)(pen)(pen)器(qi)、雙閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)板(ban)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)油(you)(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)防(fang)噴(pen)(pen)(pen)(pen)器(qi)、三閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)板(ban)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)油(you)(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)防(fang)噴(pen)(pen)(pen)(pen)器(qi)，分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)別裝(zhuang)有(you)(you)一(yi)副、兩副和(he)三副閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)板(ban)，以密封(feng)不(bu)同管柱或空井。深(shen)水(shui)(shui)(shui)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)油(you)(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)防(fang)噴(pen)(pen)(pen)(pen)器(qi)系統由表面(mian)(mian)控制(zhi)系統，多路調(diao)制(zhi)控制(zhi)器(qi)連接(jie)電纜，連接(jie)軟管以及水(shui)(shui)(shui)下(xia)部分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)組成(cheng)，其中水(shui)(shui)(shui)下(xia)部分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)包括深(shen)水(shui)(shui)(shui)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)油(you)(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)防(fang)噴(pen)(pen)(pen)(pen)器(qi)組（～般(ban)是由環(huan)(huan)(huan)形(xing)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)油(you)(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)防(fang)噴(pen)(pen)(pen)(pen)器(qi)和(he)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)板(ban)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)油(you)(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)防(fang)噴(pen)(pen)(pen)(pen)器(qi)組合而成(cheng)），蓄能器(qi)，水(shui)(shui)(shui)下(xia)控制(zhi)箱等(deng)。

閘(zha)板(ban)(ban)(ban)石(shi)油(you)機械(xie)防(fang)(fang)噴(pen)(pen)(pen)器(qi)(qi)主要由殼體、油(you)缸．活(huo)塞、和閘(zha)板(ban)(ban)(ban)總(zong)成組成．安(an)裝時(shi)使(shi)用(yong)螺栓將石(shi)油(you)機械(xie)防(fang)(fang)噴(pen)(pen)(pen)器(qi)(qi)底(di)部的(de)(de)法蘭與井(jing)口(kou)的(de)(de)套管頭法蘭連接在一起。閘(zha)板(ban)(ban)(ban)石(shi)油(you)機械(xie)防(fang)(fang)噴(pen)(pen)(pen)器(qi)(qi)閘(zha)板(ban)(ban)(ban)總(zong)成有四種類型：盲板(ban)(ban)(ban)（全(quan)封(feng)閘(zha)板(ban)(ban)(ban)）、管子閘(zha)板(ban)(ban)(ban)、可變徑芯子閘(zha)板(ban)(ban)(ban)和剪切閘(zha)板(ban)(ban)(ban)。石(shi)油(you)機械(xie)防(fang)(fang)噴(pen)(pen)(pen)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)殼體是通(tong)用(yong)的(de)(de)，目(mu)前液(ye)(ye)(ye)壓控制的(de)(de)閘(zha)板(ban)(ban)(ban)石(shi)油(you)機械(xie)防(fang)(fang)噴(pen)(pen)(pen)器(qi)(qi)是國內(nei)外廣泛采用(yong)的(de)(de)類型，其優點是：開關動(dong)(dong)作迅速，操作輕便省力(li)，使(shi)用(yong)安(an)全(quan)可靠，維修保養容易。當發生(sheng)并噴(pen)(pen)(pen)或者井(jing)涌(yong)時(shi)，高壓動(dong)(dong)力(li)液(ye)(ye)(ye)進入左右(you)的(de)(de)液(ye)(ye)(ye)缸關閉腔，推動(dong)(dong)活(huo)塞帶動(dong)(dong)著閘(zha)板(ban)(ban)(ban)軸及(ji)閘(zha)板(ban)(ban)(ban)總(zong)成沿閘(zha)板(ban)(ban)(ban)室內(nei)導向筋(jin)限定的(de)(de)軌(gui)道分(fen)別向井(jing)口(kou)中心移動(dong)(dong)，實(shi)現封(feng)井(jing)。同理(li)要實(shi)現石(shi)油(you)機械(xie)防(fang)(fang)噴(pen)(pen)(pen)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)開啟，需要將高壓動(dong)(dong)力(li)液(ye)(ye)(ye)引入左右(you)液(ye)(ye)(ye)缸開啟腔。

石(shi)油(you)機(ji)械(xie)防(fang)(fang)噴(pen)(pen)器(qi)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)系統(tong)由平臺發出控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)信號(hao)，信號(hao)通過電(dian)纜傳遞到水下(xia)(xia)(xia)電(dian)磁閥(fa)(fa)(fa)操作(zuo)其動作(zuo)，從而(er)打(da)開(kai)相應(ying)的液(ye)(ye)(ye)壓(ya)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)，將(jiang)蓄能器(qi)中(zhong)的高壓(ya)動力液(ye)(ye)(ye)導入相應(ying)的石(shi)油(you)機(ji)械(xie)防(fang)(fang)噴(pen)(pen)器(qi)關(guan)閉(bi)(bi)腔(qiang)，使之(zhi)在幾秒鐘(zhong)之(zhi)內關(guan)閉(bi)(bi)。控(kong)(kong)系系統(tong)在緊急(ji)情況下(xia)(xia)(xia)能將(jiang)外部石(shi)油(you)機(ji)械(xie)防(fang)(fang)噴(pen)(pen)器(qi)組與井口及時脫開(kai)，有(you)效控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水下(xia)(xia)(xia)井口連接器(qi)、事故安全閥(fa)(fa)(fa)等，實(shi)現對水下(xia)(xia)(xia)石(shi)油(you)機(ji)械(xie)防(fang)(fang)噴(pen)(pen)器(qi)組和(he)地(di)(di)面(mian)設備(bei)準確．迅速的操作(zuo)和(he)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。該(gai)系統(tong)主要由液(ye)(ye)(ye)壓(ya)動力裝置、主控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)板．鉆臺控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)板、遙控(kong)(kong)扳、液(ye)(ye)(ye)壓(ya)管線絞盤，絞盤控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)板．應(ying)急(ji)電(dian)池直流黽源．控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)盒．地(di)(di)面(mian)及水下(xia)(xia)(xia)儲能器(qi)組和(he)若干梭閥(fa)(fa)(fa)組成。

石油(you)機械(xie)防(fang)噴(pen)器產品主要有兩種控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)形式一液(ye)壓(ya)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)和(he)電液(ye)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)。液(ye)壓(ya)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)系統成本低，工作可靠(kao)，防(fang)爆性能好，技術相對成熟，但(dan)響(xiang)應時間比較長，目前多適用(yong)近距(ju)離和(he)淺水鉆井石油(you)機械(xie)防(fang)噴(pen)器控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)。電液(ye)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)采用(yong)電源及電氣控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)元(yuan)件和(he)電傳感元(yuan)件，先(xian)導控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)時間短，從而(er)縮短了石油(you)機械(xie)防(fang)噴(pen)器開、關所(suo)需的時間，適合于遠(yuan)距(ju)離控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)。

隨(sui)著(zhu)水深的(de)增加，對石油(you)機械(xie)防(fang)噴器(qi)組的(de)要(yao)求也越來越高，石油(you)機械(xie)防(fang)噴器(qi)高度變化會(hui)對下部結構(gou)造(zao)成影響．特別是在無(wu)導向繩作業的(de)情況下，這(zhe)就要(yao)保證與下部結構(gou)保留(liu)足夠大的(de)間隙。

目前，一(yi)些(xie)大型國(guo)際(ji)石(shi)(shi)油公司(si)在(zai)深(shen)水作業中多采用聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)納應急控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)系統，主要包括(kuo)地(di)面聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)納控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)系統．水下(xia)聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)納控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)盒，備用電池和儲能(neng)器，通過地(di)面聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)納遙控(kong)(kong)裝置(zhi)及水下(xia)聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)納控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)系統來(lai)實現對石(shi)(shi)油機械防(fang)噴器應急功能(neng)的(de)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)。

完(wan)井(jing)(jing)工程與石油(you)機械防(fang)噴(pen)器已經成為(wei)深(shen)水鉆井(jing)(jing)安全保(bao)障(zhang)的(de)重要(yao)技(ji)術(shu)手(shou)段，也是石油(you)工業走向深(shen)水的(de)的(de)基礎。